Showing posts with label Pharmacology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Pharmacology. Show all posts

2 Jan 2013

Drugs used in the treatment of some common diseases

Drugs used in the treatment of some common diseases

  • Migraine :

    Acute Attack :

    1. Triptans : Sumatriptan and naratriptan 
    2. Dihydroergotamine
    3. Analgesics : Aspirin, naproxen and ibuprofen 

    Prophylaxis :

    1. β-blockers : Propranolol and nadolol 
    2. Tricyclic antidepressants : Amitriptyline
    3. Anticonvulsants : Divalproex 
    4. Calcium channel blockers : Verapamil  

Contrainidcations of some common drugs

Contraindications of the most important drugs

  • Atropine :

    1. Benign prostatic hyperplasia ( Senile prostate )
    2. Closed-angle glaucoma

  • Oral contraceptives :

    1. Cerebrovascular disease
    2. Thromboembolism
    3. Estrogen-dependent neoplasm
    4. Liver disease
    5. Pregnancy

1 Jan 2013

Therapeutic uses of some common drugs

Therapeutic uses of the most important drugs

 

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - Part 6

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - Part 6

Chemotherapy

  • Penicillins :

    It interfers with the last step in bacterial cell wall synthesis that have peptidoglycan and in rapidly growing bacteria , resulting in exposure of the osmotically less stable membrane. It inactivates numerous proteins on cell wall involved in cell wall synthesis.
    It also inhibits transpeptidase required for cell wall integrity.
    It also destruct existing cell wall by autolysins.

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - Part 5

 Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology -Part 5

Digestive System

  • Omeprazole :

    It binds to the H/K ATPase proton pump which is the final step in gastric acid secretion thus healing peptic ulcer.

    Erectile Dysfunction

  • Phosphodiestrase-5 Inhibitors :

    ( Sildenafil , Tadalafil , Vardenafil , Viagra )

    It inhibits phosphodiestrase-5 which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum. This will lead to increased level of cGMP which produces smooth muscle relaxation increasing the inflow of blood into the corpus cavernosum at any given level of sexual stimulation.

    Osteoporosis

  • Bisphosphonates :

    ( Etidronate , Risedronate , Alendronate ... )

    1- Decrease in osteoclastic formation/activation.
    2- Increase in osteoclastic apoptosis.
    3- Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthetic pathway important for osteoclastic function.

    Obesity

  • ِAnorexiants :

    ( Phentermine , Diethylpropion .. )

    It increases the release of nor-epinephrine and dopamine from the nerve terminals and inhibit re-uptake of these neurotransmitters , thus , increase their levels in brain.

31 Dec 2012

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - Part 4

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - Part 4

Endocrine System

  • Sulfonylureas :

    ( Glyburide , Glipizide , Glimepiride ..... )

    1- Stimulation of insulin release from the β cells of pancreas by blocking the ATP-sensitive K channels resulting in depolarization and Ca influx.
    2- Reduction in hepatic glucose production
    3- increase in peripheral insulin sensitivity

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - Part 3

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - Part 3

Cardiovascular system

  • ACE Inhibitors :

    ( Captopril , Enalopril , Lisinopril .... )

    It blocks the enzyme that cleaves angiotensin I to form angiotensin II . Thus , circulating angiotensin II levels are reduced and decreases secretion of aldosterone resulting in decreased sodium and water retention . It also diminishes the rate of bradykinin inactivation.

  • Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ( ARBs ) :

    ( Losartan , Valsartan , Candesartan .... )

    It competes strongly with angiotensin for angiotensin type I receptors. This leads to complete blockade of angiotensin action.

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - Part 2

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - Part 2

Central Nervous System

  • Levodopa :

    It is actively transported into the CNS and is converted to dopamine in the brain. This leads to replenishment of dopamine in the brain.

  • Carpidopa :

    It diminishes the metabolism of levodopa in the GIT and peripheral tissues ,thereby increasing the availability of levodopa in the CNS .

Mechanism of action : All drugs in pharmacology - part 1

Mechanism of action for all drugs in pharmacology-part1

 

Autonomic Nervous System

 

  • Reversible Anticholinestrase :

    (Edrophonium , Physostigmine , Neostigmine ... )

    It binds reversibly to the active center of AchE preventing hydrolysis of Ach. This leads to accumulation of Ach at cholinergic nerve endings and thus increase its effect.
      

  • Irreversible Anticholinestrase :

    ( Echothiophate , Organophosphate )

    It binds covalently via its phosphate group to the serine-OH group at the active site of AchE. This leads to permanent inactivation of AchE and the enzyme has to be re-synthesized.
      

What will you study in medical school

What will you study in medical school ?

There are many variations in the way of learning medicine according to the medical school you join. However, in the end of your long studying career , you will have to cover the basic concepts of the following branches :

Basic Study

1. Anatomy ( + Embryology + Histology )

2. Physiology

3. Biochemistry

4. Pharmacology

5. Parasitology

6. Pathology

7. Microbiology

Clinical Study

8. E.N.T

9. Ophthalmology

10. Community medicine ( + Public health )

11. Forensics ( + Toxicology )

12. Internal Medicine

13. Pediatrics

14. Surgery

15. Gynecology ( + Obstetrics )

You will find medical notes that will help you in your study and exams in my blog. so SUBSCRIBE and join us @FACEBOOK and follow me @TWITTER

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