Complications of some common diseases - Part 4

Complications of some common diseases - Part 4

 

• Mitral incompetence :

  1. Hypertrophy followed by dilatation of left atrium and ventricle
  2. Chronic venous congestion of lungs
  3. Pulmonary hypertension
  4. Hypertrophy followed by dilatation of right atrium and ventricle
  5. Picture of chronic venous congestion

• Aortic stenosis and incompetence :

  1. Hypertrophy followed by dilatation of left ventricle.

• Ischemic heart disease :

  1. Sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation, cardiogenic shock or acute heart failure.
  2. Myocardial infarction

• Buerger's disease :

  1. Pain due to ischemia
  2. Gangrene

• Polyarteritis nodosa :

  1. Thrombosis and infarction
  2. Mycotic aneurysms

• Infectious rhinitis :

  1. Spread of infection > sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis.
  2. Chronic rhinitis
  3. Anosmia which maybe permanent

• Pulmonary hypertension :

  1. Right ventricular hypertrophy and failure ( cor pulmonale )
  2. Death due to cor pulmonale ( specially in pregnant women )

• Pulmonary embolism :

  1. Small emboli > undergo fibrinolysis or organisation and canalization.
  2. Large emboli >
  1. Occlusion of pulmonary trunk or the main bronchus leading to sudden death
  2. Occlusion of small pulmonary artery leading to lung infarction only on top of chronic venous congestion of the lung.
  3. Recurrent pulmonary embolism leading to pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure.

• Carcinoid syndrome of ileum :

  1. Flushing of the face due to vasodilatation
  2. Diarrhea and bronchospasm due to smooth muscle stimulation
  3. Right-sided heart failure

• Hemolytic jaundice :

  1. Splenomegaly
  2. Pigment stones of the gall bladder

• Obstructive jaundice :

  1. Itching due to bile acids
  2. Increased cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase enzyme.
  3. Hemorrhage due to vitamin K deficiency

• Carcinoma of the exocrine portion of the pancreas :

  1. Obstructive jaundice ( in carcinoma of head )
  2. Venous thrombosis ( in carcinoma of body and tail )

• Acute pyelonephritis :

  1. Papillary necrosis and renal failure
  2. Chronic pyelonephritis
  3. Recurrence

• Gonorrhea in males :

  1. Acute prosatitis
  2. Acute inflammation of seminal vesicles
  3. Epididymo-orchitis
  4. Arthritis and acute infective endocarditis
  5. Urethral stricture

• Testicular tumors :

  1. Hydrocele
  2. Germ cell tumors secrete HCG and AFP. 

• Endometriosis :

  1. Endometrial or chocolate cysts in the ovary
  2. Adhesions due to rupture of endometrial glands

• Multiple myeloma of bone marrow :

  1. Anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia
  2. Hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification
  3. Pathological fracture
  4. Increased immunoglobulins in blood
  5. Increased light-chains immunoglobulins which appear in urine
  6. Obstruction of renal tubules by pericipitated protiens and metastatic calcification
  7. Secondary amyloidosis