Complications of some common diseases - Part 2

Complications of some common diseases - Part 2

 

• Acute infective endocarditis :

  1. Systemic pyemia
  2. Ulceration or perforation of the cusps leading to incompetence and heart failure.

• Mitral stenosis :

  1. The auricular thrombus leads to embolism
  2. Haemoptysis due to lung congestion
  3. Subacute infective endocarditis

• Myocardial infarction :

  1. Serofibrinous pericarditis.
  2. Rupture of recent infarct leading to haemopericardium
  3. Rupture of cardiac aneurysm leading to haemopericardium
  4. Congestive heart failure due to healing by fibrosis
  5. Detachment of mural thrombus leading to embolism

• Congenital heart disease :

  1. Heart failure
  2. Infective endocarditis

• Coarctation of the aorta :

  1. Hypertrophy followed by dilatation of left ventricle
  2. Cerebral hemorrhage due to hypertension
  3. Rupture of the aorta
  4. Infective endocarditis

• Aneurysms :

  1. Pressure effects on the surrounding structures
  2. Rupture and hemorrhage
  3. Thrombosis and embolism

• Carcinoma of larynx :

  1. Laryngeal obstruction
  2. Dysphagia due to infiltration of oesophagus
  3. Inhalation pneumonia and lung abscess

• Bronchopneumonia :

  1. Lung abscess ( more common than lobar pneumonia )
  2. Spread of infection > Pericarditis, empyemia and septicemia.
  3. Broncheictasis due to destruction of bronchial walls

• Lung abscess :

  1. Direct spread of infection leading to empyemia or septic pericarditis
  2. Blood spread of infection leading to pyemia
  3. Rupture of the cavity into the pleura leading to pyopneumothorax.
  4. Gangrene of the lung
  5. Pulmonary fibrosis
  6. Secondary amyloidosis

• Silicosis :

  1. Pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure
  2. Predisposes to tuberculosis.

• Asbestosis :

  1. Pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure
  2. Predisposes to bronchogenic carcinoma and pleural mesothelioma

• Hypertrophic ( obstructive ) emphysema :

  1. Barrel-shaped chest
  2. Cyanosis, dyspnea and polycythemia due to hypoxia
  3. Pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure
  4. Pneumothorax due to rupture of superficial bullae.

• Atelectasis :

  1. Infection of collapsed lung leads to bronchiectasis or lung abscess.

• Pulmonary fibrosis :

  1. Pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure.

• Bronchial adenoma :

  1. Haemoptysis
  2. Bronchial obstruction
  3. Carcinoid syndrome

• Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma :

  1. Partial bronchial obstruction leading to focal carcinoma
  2. Complete bronchial obstruction leading to atelectasis.
  3. Impaired drainage leading to bronchiectasis or lung abscesses.

• Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue :

  1. Inhalation lung abscess.

• Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland :

  1. Recurrence after removal due to local extension of the tumor through the capsule.
  2. Malignant change

• Gastric Carcinoma :

  1. Hemorrhage leading to haematemesis and melaena.
  2. Pyloric stenosis

• Meckel's diverticulum :

  1. Imflammation giving signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis.
  2. Peptic ulcer due to heterotropic gastric mucosa.
  3. Tumor formation as carcinoid tumor
  4. Intestinal obstruction ( volvulus or intussusception )

• Crohn's disease :

  1. Intestinal obstruction
  2. Perforation and fistula formation